婴儿和儿童的COVID:症状和预防
审核:
It is important for parents and kids to take every possible safety precaution and understand all risks and symptoms related to COVID-19.
亚伦·米尔斯顿，M.D., M.H.S.他是一名儿科医生 约翰霍普金斯儿童中心 也是传染病专家 约翰霍普金斯医院, 谈到了儿童的COVID-19症状, 如何保证婴儿和儿童的安全, 受感染儿童可能对他人构成危险, 以及MIS-C的概述, 一种罕见但严重的疾病，可能与接触病毒有关.
关于婴儿和儿童的冠状病毒变异，父母应该知道些什么?
冠状病毒变异, 包括那些具有使其更具传染性的突变的人, 继续传播, 特别是在社区COVID-19疫苗接种率较低的地区.
For children too young to be vaccinated (and adults who have not received coronavirus vaccines) it is important to follow proven COVID-19预防措施 比如在公共场合戴口罩, 在室内减少感染冠状病毒的机会.
“室内活动比户外活动更危险, 但风险可以通过掩盖来降低, 距离, 洗手, 改善通风,米尔斯顿说.
Parents and caregivers should understand that children infected with the coronavirus can develop complications requiring hospitalization, 并能将病毒传染给他人.
在极少数情况下, children infected with the coronavirus can develop a serious lung infection and become very 感染COVID-19, 死亡已经发生. That’s why it is important to use precautions and prevent infection in children as well as adults.
新生儿和婴儿会感染COVID-19吗?
感染冠状病毒的女性似乎可以, 在极少数情况下, 把疾病传给她的孩子. 婴儿也可能在出生后不久被感染. 根据 U.S. 美国疾病控制与预防中心, most newborns who test positive for the coronavirus have mild symptoms or none at all, 和恢复, 但严重的病例已经发生. 孕妇应该采取额外的预防措施,包括 和你的医生讨论接种COVID-19疫苗以避免冠状病毒.
There is no evidence that the virus causing COVID-19 is present in breast milk but because there is a possibility of spreading COVID-19 during breastfeeding through respiratory droplets, 遵守安全准则是非常重要的. 了解更多关于 COVID与母乳喂养.
婴儿、幼儿和儿童出现COVID症状?
一般, 儿童和婴儿的COVID-19症状比成人轻, 一些受感染的儿童可能根本没有任何生病的迹象.
儿童和成人的COVID-19症状包括:
- 咳嗽
- 发烧或发冷
- 呼吸短促或呼吸困难
- 肌肉或身体疼痛
- 喉咙痛
- 味觉或嗅觉新丧失
- 腹泻
- 头疼
- 新的疲劳
- 恶心或呕吐
- 鼻塞或流鼻涕
Some symptoms of COVID-19 and the flu are shared and it may be difficult to determine which of either might be present.
“People with flu-like symptoms should be careful about exposing other people and should get tested to see if they have COVID,米尔斯顿说。. “流感病毒检测也很重要, 现有的药物可以帮助减轻流感患者的症状.”
Fever and cough are common COVID-19 symptoms in both adults and children; shortness of breath is more likely to be seen in adults. 儿童可患肺炎，有或无明显症状. 他们还会感到喉咙痛、过度疲劳或腹泻.
然而, 感染COVID-19的儿童可能会出现严重疾病, 如果他们的孩子被诊断出患有糖尿病，父母应该保持警惕, 或者表现出, 这种疾病.
感染COVID-19的儿童:何时拨打911
Parents or guardians should immediately seek urgent or emergency medical care if they notice these warning signs in a child:
- 呼吸困难或呼吸困难
- 不能吞咽任何液体
- 新的困惑或无法觉醒
- 蓝色的嘴唇
洗手与儿童冠状病毒预防
儿童严重COVID-19的危险因素
Data from the CDC study indicate that some children may be at a higher risk for a serious case of COVID-19, 住院的:需要在医院接受治疗的:
- 2岁以下儿童
- 黑人和拉丁裔儿童，他们可能会受到 健康差异这使他们格外容易受到COVID-19严重并发症的影响
- 早产的儿童
- 那些患有肥胖症或慢性肺病的人
如果你认为你的孩子是 感染COVID-19相信自己的直觉，尤其是当孩子咳嗽或发烧的时候. 联系你的儿科医生, 如果你没有医生，家庭护理医生或紧急护理诊所, 仔细按照他们的指示进行隔离和测试.
儿童多系统炎症综合征(MIS-C)
Doctors have noted that some children may experience a condition called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, 或感染冠状病毒后的MIS-C.
Call your family doctor or pediatrician right away if your child experiences a fever of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or more that lasts more than 24 hours and at least one of these symptoms:
- 异常虚弱或疲劳
- 红疹
- 腹部疼痛
- 呕吐和腹泻
- 红唇，裂唇
- 红眼睛
- 手脚肿胀
Let's Talk 健康 (Hablemos de Sauld) | The New Normal for Kids: During COVID-19 - Part I
有疾病的儿童
免疫功能低下的儿童如何得到他们需要的护理?
莱西DeLone儿童生活专家 约翰霍普金斯儿童中心她说:“你的孩子的护理团队是你的资源. It’s OK to ask your child’s doctor about what specific steps they are taking to provide treatment for your child while preventing COVID-19 and if getting your child vaccinated is appropriate,她说。.
一些办公室访问和随访可能会转向远程医疗, 但其他治疗方法需要你的孩子亲自到场. “Parents can remind children that their treatment is important to keep them healthy, DeLone says. “Older children and teens might be aware of the fact that their bodies could have a harder time fighting the virus if they encounter it.
父母可以向他们保证，医院知道推荐十大正规网赌平台的弱点, 做好了准备并采取了预防措施.”
哮喘: Children with asthma may have more severe symptoms from COVID-19 or any other respiratory disease, 包括流感. There are no indications that most children with asthma experience severe symptoms due to the coronavirus, 但是要仔细观察它们, 如果出现症状, call the child’s doctor to discuss next steps and to arrange appropriate evaluation as needed. Keep your child’s medications refilled and take extra care to avoid things that set off asthma attacks in your child.
糖尿病: 控制血糖是关键. Children with well-managed diabetes are not expected to be more susceptible to COVID-19. 但是控制不好的糖尿病会削弱免疫系统, so parents and doctors should watch these children carefully for signs and symptoms that may require evaluation.
如何保护你的孩子免受冠状病毒和COVID-19的侵害
您的孩子是否接种了COVID疫苗
专家, 包括约翰霍普金斯大学, 相信为儿童接种COVID-19疫苗有许多好处. 疾控中心建议6个月及以上的儿童接种疫苗, 约翰霍普金斯大学的专家也支持这些建议.
“一些冠状病毒变种具有很强的传染性, 使未接种疫苗的人面临感染的高风险,米尔斯顿说。. “接种疫苗可以降低感染风险, 但最重要的是, significantly reduces the risk of hospitalization and death from this and other variants.”
美国.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized and the 美国疾病控制与预防中心 now recommends COVID-19 vaccines for everyone 6 months and older, 还有5岁及以上的人的助推器. 你是 最新的 on your vaccines and boosters when you have received all doses in the primary series and all boosters recommended for you, 当符合条件的. 详情请参阅 疾病预防控制中心的COVID-19疫苗建议.
了解更多有关 COVID-19疫苗以及家长需要了解的内容.
孩子们需要知道的关于新型冠状病毒肺炎的5个提示
孩子和家庭可以共同降低冠状病毒的风险
Though in most cases COVID-19 seems to have less serious health consequences for children than for adults, 避免儿童感染是很重要的. 以下是父母和监护人可以提供的帮助:
打好所有的预防针. Ensure that all family members receive COVID-19 vaccinations and boosters as soon as they are eligible, 这同样适用于 流感疫苗 以及其他疫苗接种.
了解COVID-19的症状和体征 同时也要注意儿童的严重疾病.
记住安全预防措施 这对每个人都有帮助 远离COVID-19. 戴口罩，保持身体距离, 特别是如果你所在地区的COVID-19病例很高的话, 能保护你的家人和其他易受感染的人吗.
保持手部卫生. 孩子们上完厕所后应该洗手, 打喷嚏, 咳嗽或擤鼻涕, before eating (even snacks) and immediately after coming inside from playing outdoors.
米尔斯通建议父母教孩子经常洗手, 用肥皂和温水, 至少20秒. “他们可以通过唱abc来记录时间, 这需要大约20秒才能完成,他说. 如果没有肥皂和水, Milstone says the next best option is hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol.
“If your child is refusing to wash their hands or becoming very upset when asked to do so, 给他们一点小奖励可能会有帮助, 比如贴纸, 庆祝他们每次洗手. 赞美他们在洗手时做得很好.“如果父母以身作则，经常洗手，也会有所帮助.
咳嗽和打喷嚏要小心. “鼓励家里的每个人都对着肘部咳嗽和打喷嚏, 而不是他们的手, 每次发生这种情况后都要洗手,米尔斯顿说. 他补充说:“纸巾用完后要扔掉。.
不要碰脸. 家长应提醒孩子尽量避免摸脸. 米尔斯顿说，如果孩子们带着一个玩具，让他们的手忙起来，这会有所帮助, 但他指出，父母应该定期清洗这些玩具.
保持物品清洁. 定期擦拭孩子接触的玩具和表面, 尤其是在旅行或靠近推荐十大正规网赌平台的时候. Clean surfaces at home and store cleaners in cabinets that are either too high for your child to reach or are secured with childproof cabinet locks.
解决焦虑和压力. Talking things over as a family can help identify specific fears and clarify the facts. It also helps for families to discuss a plan in case someone gets sick or something else happens that interrupts the normal routine.
“孩子们在决定如何看待COVID-19时，会向你寻求帮助. 如果你感到平静并做好了准备，他们可能也会有同样的感觉。.
